After the independence of the United States, Boston has become a major seaport and manufacturing center, attracting 16.3 million visitors a year to the region, with its long and prosperous history. In Boston, the first public school in the United States, Boston Latin School (1635), the first American university, Harvard University (1636, but located in the adjacent Cambridge City), and the first American subway network, were born.

In the city and surrounding areas, there are many general and college colleges, the center of higher education and the center of medical care. Besides this, research, electronics, engineering, finance and technology (mainly biotechnology) underpin the city's economy. In terms of the number of jobs per area, New York and Washington D.C. are ranked second.

It is said that the Bank of Massachusetts (now Credit Switzerland) operated the business on an equal footing with the First Bank, regardless of the legal dependencies of the time.

Boston has distinguished itself since State Street was connected to Milton by the Old Colony Railway in 1847. Milton, Massachusetts, had been a summer resort of the Boston Brahmin family until then, but with the opening of the railroad, Milton became a residential area of Keibatsu Keibatsu .

Over the next century, many famous investors from Boston have emerged to compete with the New York industry about the U.S. Investment Trust Clearing System, and to counter public opinion from general investors. As a result, in the latter half of the 20th century, gentrification (the shift to higher residential areas and the elimination of low-income earners) progressed, and the rent and land prices have risen rapidly since the 1990s. Living costs are rising, and it is one of the largest cities in the United States.

A 2008 survey of 143 major cities around the world showed that Boston ranked 99th with high living costs. On the other hand, in a 2009 survey of 215 major cities around the world, Boston is ranked 35th for ease of living. It is safe and considered one of the safest cities in the United States. In 2019, it was rated as the world's 21st largest city in the world's ranking, and was ranked fifth in the United States after New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Washington D.C.

Manufacturing after development and independence

a colonial Boston The old Shawmat Peninsula was connected only by a narrow isthmus to the mainland, surrounded by a backbay at the mouth of the Massachusetts Bay and the Charles River. The ruins of Native Americans were excavated in the city, and according to it, people had lived there since 5000 B.C.

Boston was built on the Shumat Peninsula by the Puritans from England on September 17, 1630. The Puritans of the Bay of Massachusetts colonies are sometimes confused with settlers (Pilgrim) who built the Plymouth Colony (present Bristol County, Massachusetts County, and Bernstock County) in 1620. However, they have different religious practices and historically, they are different groups. Boston was for the time being the foundation of the Anthony Arby family, a royalist, from the rise of Oliver Cromwell. In 1652, the Mint Bureau was established, but since the mines had not been developed enough and had no technology yet, the silver coins had been minted badly, and in 1684, the Mint Bureau canceled the patent of the colony and closed down. On October 7, 1691, the official declaration that the Plymouth colony, together with the Main colony, and other colonies, belonged to the Bay of Massachusetts Colony was issued, and the Bay of Massachusetts Prefecture was established. The declaration became effective on May 14 of the following year.

Boston flourished with Acadia in the 17th century. Canada produced wheat, fish and fur. But the money supply was not enough. The shell balls of indigenous people were used as legal currency until 1670, but they lost their value due to glass replicas such as coral buns. The Acadian merchant then procured a commodity from Boston in exchange for a special warehouse receipt. Military shoes to protect the Port Royal Fortress were procured from Boston. A Boston merchant also made a business trip to Acadia. They sold sugar, honey, sake, clothes, tableware, and other daily goods in a warehouse in Port Royal. As a result, the specie sent from France to Canada was chronically drained. Akadia between England and France, like Alzas between France and Germany, had a territorial connection and a business from the national interest.

Hugh Hall Jr, a Boston merchant who was a friend of the local church. asked John Leverett's grandson (his grandfather was the same name as Director of Harvard University, the seventh generation) to introduce him to the executive of Nankai Company. In 1720, Nankai Foam Incident occurred. From 1721 to the next year, smallpox was epidemic in Boston. Inoculation technology was imported. People, including Freemason, and goods, gold, mail, and pathogens came and went to Boston Harbor. In 1721 and 1728, public banks were established to issue land as collateral. Supported by some farmers and craftsmen who were caught up in the market economy, the middle class of the anti-establishment group promoted the establishment of the company in order to overcome the shortage of currency. From 1739 to the early 1740's, the Japanese colony made bank notes convertible into land or converted into silver strictly, which caused serious conflicts and conflicts between the middle class that supported the former and the large merchant and large landowner that supported the latter. In 1741, the Banking Regulation Act was established, and both the Todokofunekin bank and the Ginkoconvertible bank were dissolved. The government securities were issued to finance the King George War's military expenditures, and the reform campaign for bank and currency disappeared.

In January 1774, a Boston citizen attacked the customs officer John Malcolm. On the left hand, a scene in which tea is thrown away in the Boston Tea Party incident that occurred a few weeks ago is depicted.

By the time the Seven Years' War broke out, the financial power of the Bank of England ruled the British Empire.

In the 1770s, Britain tried to strengthen its control over 13 colonies, mainly in terms of taxation. This prompted the Boston citizens to start the American Revolution. In addition to the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Ceremony, several early battles, such as the Battle of Lexington Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston, occurred in Boston or near Boston. It was a well known incident that Paul Libya rode all night to tell the British army's advance.

When the Paris Convention was signed, the royalists fled to their familiar Acadia. On July 5, 1784, famous people, such as James Bodin and John Hancock, founded Massachusetts Bank. James became the first president. This bank became the former Colonial Trust Bank in 1928. The following year, it was acquired by First Boston (present-day Credi Switzerland), but it was broken up again by the Glass Steagal law. The former Colonial Trust Bank invested 38.0% of Boston's total trust assets, according to the Patman report in 1968. It became the Bank of Boston in 1996, and became a Bankame in 2005.

Even after the independence of the United States, Boston, an international trade port, continued to prosper. The export products were still made of rum, fish, salt and tobacco. At that time, the descendants of the early settlers were regarded as the social and cultural elite of the country, and later, the Adams family and others appeared, and they were called the Former House of Boston. The conservatives, including them, started the Sheiz revolt in 1786, which led to a political campaign to establish the Constitution of the United States.

Because of the Trade Prohibition Act of 1807, which was enacted during the Napoleon War, and the Anglo-American War, which started in 1812, the trade industry between Boston and Canada became more protected and monopolized, but it continued during the war because the government did not regulate it. In the meantime, manufacturing became an important factor in the city's economy, which had surpassed international trade in economic importance by the mid-1800s. Up to the early 1900s, Boston became one of the largest manufacturing centers in the United States and was known for producing clothing and leather products. As the city and its surrounding area were connected by a small river network running around the city, the shipment of goods became easier and the number of factories increased drastically. After that, the development of industries and commerce in this area was promoted by a detailed railway network.

a 130-year voyage by investors

In 1822, the official name was changed from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston" by the vote of the Boston citizens. On March 4, 1822, the city's charter was accepted by the citizens. When Boston moved to the city, the population was 46,226 and the city area was only 12km² (4.7 mi2). In 1830, Harvard College v.. The court ruled on the Amory case and respected investor decisions more than Harvard. In 1844, trade in Boston revived after the Treaty of Amoy was concluded. In the same year, Charles Goodyear obtained a patent for the vulcanizing method. In 1851, John Morgan entered English High School in Boston.

Trinity Church Reflected on John Hancock Tower

In the 1820s, the population of Boston began to increase. During the potato famine in the late 1840s, many Irish came to the American continent and dramatically changed the ethnic structure of Boston City. By 1850, the number of Irish people living in Boston reached about 35,000. John Amory Lowell of the old Boston house, who was naturally a graduate of Harvard University, became the manager of Suffolk Bank, a paper money exchange. As he formed a cooperative organization between the banks in Boston and got free from the economic crisis from 1837 to 1857, the bonds of political and blood relationship became stronger than ever.

In the late 19th century, the number of Irish, German, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, Jewish Russians, and Jewish Poles who began to live in Boston increased. At the end of the 19th century, the central part of Boston was tessellated in different ethnic immigration settlements. The Italian people lived in North End, the Irish people lived in South Boston and Charlestown, and the Russian Jews lived in West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought Roman Catholicism to Japan. The city was unable to see the diversity of ethnic groups, who had brought in diverse capital and were cared for by independent charities that tended to be impoverished, and the city has come up with a public and one-stop poor policy.

Boston from the Hill of Dorchester (1841)

From the middle to the end of the 19th century, the Former Boston Family was very generous in supporting literature. His works include Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes Senior, James Russell Lowell, Julia Ward Howe, John Rothrop Motley, George Bancroft (historian), Samuel Morrison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Merry Baker Eddie. Emerson is a Milton Keibatsu.

Boston also became the center of the movement to abolish slavery. Samuel Johnson is C.F. Hovey and Co. and both of them supported William Lloyd Garrison. Boston strongly opposed the 1850 Fugitive Slavery Act, and after the Barnes Fugitive Slavery Incident in 1854, President Franklin Pierce tried to make Boston a public showing.

The Great Recession (1873-1896) was also a dark time for Boston. In 1872, he was caught in the Great Boston Fire and had to recover from the ruins of the fire. November 1889, Edward L. One of the Milton Keibatsu (Forbes, Russell and Johnson families), Cunningham, was shot to death at home. Surviving family Mary A. According to Cunningham's will, the land in his house became Cunningham Park in 1905. Edward Johnson II of Fidelity is part of the park management association. In the 1890s, Thomas Lawson from a distinguished family helped the so-called Hagetaka Fund take over the local gas industry. He paid bribes to dozens of members. In 1899, Lawson joined the Anaconda copper mine company. Not only William Rockefeller but also the Rothschild family invested in the company.

During the Depression in 1907, Jesse Livermore made a big profit with the short sale of the Union Pacific Railway Company. In 1914, Joseph P. Kennedy became a white knight at Columbia Trust Company. The portfolio of investment trusts at that time was not open to the public like common sense. In 1924, Edward Leffler, a Swedish-American, tried to start his first mutual fund. However, Massachusetts Investors Trust, who worked for the company, was not enthusiastic, and in many other ways he disagreed with Leffler. So Leffler decided to set up a separate company to sell MIT funds in December. My partner was a bond man named William Amory Parker. He came from the Quincy family, the president, and from the Amory family, the family that won the case with Harvard, and his job in general was mostly root-selling. The company changed its name several times and settled on Incorporated Investors. In 1928, Leffler's company established three holding companies. Each sold a fund, bought Leffler's shares with the money, borrowed the money from banks to issue bonds, and bought Leffler's shares with the money. So, when we were in extreme leverage, a dark Thursday came and on September 30, 78 dollars fell to $43 in six weeks. MIT also dropped nearly 40%. In 1932, State Street lost 80% of its assets. In 1935, a federal bill imposed a tax on the capital gains of investment trust companies. It was accompanied by a statement saying that it would not apply to general investors if they were well-intentioned and benefited. So, MIT chairman Merrill Griswold became positive about open-end accounting. Grizwald from an old family in Boston was a partner of the Gaston & Snow law firm. The closed-end mutual fund in New York was overwhelmed by the lobby of Congress. Then, the open-end camp had struggled with the public's representative Securities and Exchange Commission for years. The law was finally established in 1940. However, companies like Allegheny Corporation were selling mutual funds, so ordinary investors would not touch the products. The company was related to the son of Morgan, who was a man of railroad capital, and was a successor to A. Technology, which went bankrupt in Scandallas as a target of the Pecola Committee. Boston has been suffering from industrial downturn due to poor funds. Boston then allowed the rise of the Dreifus Fund in the 1950s. The seller was the Dreyfus Company (the present Bank of New York Melon), which was later worked by Carl Eichen.

development as an investment environment

Landfill in Boston

Around 1775, the Shawmat Peninsula and the mainland were connected by a narrow isthmus

in 1842, before the reclamation of the Charles River

1880: After the large-scale reclamation

Between 1631 and 1890, the area of the city was three times larger due to land reclamation. Wetlands, swamps, and cut-off of wharves spread over coastal areas were reclaimed. This is what Walter Moore White Hill said: "We'll cut down the hill and fill the creek." In particular, the land reclamation was advanced in the 1800s. Since 1807, 20 hectares of Atlantic water were reclaimed from the soil taken from the top of Beacon Hill. This is the later Haymarket Square area. The current Massachusetts Capitol stands on the thus-low Beacon Hill. The reclamation in the middle of the 19th century gave birth to most of the current South End, West End, Financial District and Chinatown. After the Great Boston Fire, the rubble was used for buried soil in the downtown seaside area. From the middle to the end of the 19th century, nearly 2.4 km^{2 of wetlands including salt water of the Charles River, which had been spreading to the west} of the Boston Commonwealth (Park), were reclaimed. It was the earth transported by rail from a hill in the Needham Heights district. Moreover, Boston merged Rocksbury in 1868, Dochester in 1879, and merged three towns of Brighton, West Rocksbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain, Roslindal and West Rocksbury) and Charlestown in 1874.

Government Center

In the early to mid-20th century, Boston began to decline with aging and obsolescence of factories and the outflow of companies seeking cheap labor. It has continued for 30 years since World War II. The reconstruction project started with propaganda. The Lowell Institute (LLOWELL INSTITUTE) was a leading member of the Lowell Institute, and established a local public broadcasting station (WGBH). Under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Bureau (BRA), which was established in 1957, Boston has implemented various urban redevelopment projects. In 1958, the Redevelopment Bureau launched a project to refresh the old streets of the West End area, but the widespread demolition provoked a backlash from the public against the authorities. The Redevelopment Bureau subsequently reviewed the methods of urban regeneration in projects such as the construction of the Government Center. It is interesting to note that Strasbourg, France, who formulated modern city plans in the Paris reconstruction, and the sister city in 1960, became a sister city. In 1965, the Columbia Point Medical Center, the first community medical center in the United States, opened in the Dorchester district. The Center for Health Care was providing health services to the large-scale Colombian Point public housing complex, mainly established in 1953. It was founded by two doctors, Jack Geiger of Harvard University and Count Gibson of Tufts University. In 1990, he was reborn as the Geiger Gibson Regional Medical Center, and he is still providing medical treatment.

In the 1970s, while the Equity Funding Incident was talked about, the city's economy suddenly picked up. Hospitals such as the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Beth Islial Deaconess Medical Center and the Brigham and Women Hospital have been among the pioneers in the field of innovation in medical technology and patient care in the United States. The Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tufts University, Boston College, Boston University, and Northwestern University have brought many students to Boston. On the other hand, since 1974, there have been conflicts over bus commuting to the school to abolish racial discrimination, and in the mid-1970s, there have been a series of fights and incidents of violence around public schools.

John F. Kennedy Library on the Columbia Point Peninsula (2007)

The Columbia Point Public House was built on the Dochester Peninsula in 1953, but the plan was not successful and only 350 families lived there in 1988. The town was devastated and the public safety was bad. In 1984, Boston was entrusted with management to private development company Cocoran Malins Jenson, and through its redevelopment and revitalization, the public housing turned into an attractive residential area called the Harbor Point Apart, which is not limited to the low income class. In 1988, he started to move in and completed by 1990. It was the first case in the United States that a public housing project of the Federal Government turned into a private housing project regardless of income class, and it became a model of the Federal Government's Public Housing Revitalization Program, which started in 1992.

Downtown in Boston

In the early 21st century, Boston is a central figure in academic, scientific, and political fields. However, some local financial institutions, such as the Boston Globe, which was purchased by the New York Times, were no longer integrated or acquired, such as the Fleet Boston Financial, which was acquired in 2004 by the Bank of America, based in Charlotte, North Carolina, a local company that disappeared. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marcy and Filines were also absorbed by New York-based Maisees.

The manager of Macy's had one Keibatsu with the manager of Koon Loeb, Lehman Brothers, Goldman Sachs and many other Jewish financial institutions.

According to the United States Statistical Bureau, the city has a total area of 232.1km2 (89.6mi2). Of these, 125.4 km² (48.4 mi²) is land and 106.7 km² (41.2 mi2) is water area. The water area accounts for 46.0% of the total area.

Built early, Boston is a very compact town. Of the U.S. cities with over 600,000 people, San Francisco is the only city with a smaller land area than Boston. Boston's standard altitude is 5.8m (19 ft) above sea level at Logan International Airport. The highest point is 101m (330 ft) above sea level of Bellevue Hill, and the lowest point is the sea level.

Boston is the core of the Great Boston metropolitan area. 4.5 million people live in the urban area, the tenth largest urban area in the United States. The Metropolitan Boston metropolitan area, which serves as a commuter pass, includes parts of Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine, with a population of 7.5 million and the 5th largest integrated statistical area (metropolitan area) in the United States. Neighboring cities and towns include Winslop, Libya, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedam, Canton, Milton and Quincy. The Charles River separates the main body of Boston from the Cambridge, Watertown and Charlestown areas of Boston. There is Boston Harbor and Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Center in the east. The Neponset River flows through the southern area of Boston to Quinn City and Milton Town. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, while Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston's main body.

Neighborhood in Boston (Neighborhood)

Boston is divided into many districts (Neighborhood Hood, officially 21 districts), which is also called the City of Neighborhood Foods because of its diversity. Many of the Backbay and South End zones are located on reclaimed land. This can be seen in places such as Back Bay (Bay), South Cove (Cove: Inlet), and Fort Point (Point: Cape) as a vestige. Boston originally had "Trimount," or three hills, of which the soil of two hills was used for reclamation. Only the Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three, remains half-high. The downtown area and the area immediately surrounding it are mostly made of low-rise block or stone buildings, and there are many old buildings in the Federal style. These old buildings are mingled with modern high rise buildings in areas such as the Financial District, the Government Center, the seaside area of South Boston and the Backbay area. In the Backbay Area, there are many large buildings, including the Public Library of Boston, the Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and the two largest buildings in New England, John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. The old John Hancock Tower, near John Hancock Tower, has a famous weather signal. The color of the illumination indicates the weather in the future, and the blue lighting is clear, and if it is flashing blue, it is cloudy, if it is flashing red, it is rainy, and if it is flashing red, it is snowing (in summer, flashing red means that the game of Boston Red Sox was canceled due to rain). Smaller commercial districts are scattered among single-family houses and terraced houses (apartment houses) made of wood or brick. Today, the historic district of South End is the largest town in the United States that has survived since the Victorian era.

Boston City Map
Charles River Boston inner harbor Boston Cambridge East Boston Charles Town North End West End Beacon Hill downtown Chinatown back bay South End Fenway South Boston Boston Common public library Prudential center Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Bunker Hill Memorial Symphony Hall ← Government Center Boston University Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology

emerald necklace

Changes were made to the topography of downtown and South Boston, particularly through the Chuo Trunk Line and Tunnel Project (commonly known as Big Dig). Because of the unstable soil of reclaimed South Boston, the project's tunnel excavation had a special problem. In the downtown area, the project has made it possible to eliminate the ugly elevated tracks of the central trunk and to create new green areas and parks.

Boston Common, near Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest park in the United States. Along with the neighboring Boston Public Garden, Emerald Necklace, designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, constitutes a network of parks surrounding the city. Jamaica Pond, part of the Emerald Necklace, is the largest freshwater area in the city. Franklin Park, another part of the Emerald Necklace, is the largest park in the city, with the Franklin Park Zoo. Another large park is the Esplanade, which stretches along the banks of the Charles River. Hatch shell of an outdoor concert hall is adjacent to Esplanado. There are also numerous parks and beaches throughout the city, along the coast of Castle Island, Charlestown, and Dorchester, South Boston and East Boston.

a panoramic view of the city of Boston from the north bank of the Charles River

a panoramic view of Boston City from Logan International Airport

While Keppen belongs to the Subtropical Wet Climate (Dfa), it is basically an intermediate between the Wet Continental Climate and the Warm Wet Climate. It is a typical climate in the south along the New England Sea. In summer, it is usually hot and humid, but in winter, it is cold, windy, and it has a lot of snow. Due to the prevailing wind blowing from land to sea, the influence of the Atlantic Ocean is limited.

Autumn Leaves and Boston Distant Views

In spring, there are hot days, and on land-based days, temperatures can rise to the 90°F (32 to 37°C) range, but even at the end of May, even in the end of May, the cold sea wind can only change from the first half of the 40°F range (4 to 7°C). The hottest day of the year is July, the average maximum temperature is 28°C (82°F), the average minimum temperature is 18°C (66°F), and many days are humid. The coldest is January, with an average maximum temperature of 2°C (36°F) and an average minimum temperature of -6°C (22°F). It is not uncommon to exceed 32°C (90°F) in summer and -12°C (10°F) in winter, but they rarely last long. The record high temperature is 40°C (104°F) on July 4, 1911, and the record low temperature is -28°C (-18°F) on February 9, 1934. In February, it was once on February 24, 1985, when it was raised to 21°C (70°F). The record high temperature in March was 31°C (89°F) on March 31, 1998.

The North Atlantic Coast is a place that cools the temperature, but at the same time, the strong northeast wind called North Easter causes a lot of rain and snow. The average rainfall is about 108cm and the average snowfall is about 104cm. The amount of snow falling increases rapidly because the global warming effect by the sea is eliminated as people go inland (especially west and north) from the city. It snows mostly from December to March. It is normal that there is little snow in April and November, and it is rare that it snows in May and October.

Particularly from spring to early summer, fog often rises. In particular, tropical cyclones and hurricanes sometimes hit the area in the early autumn. Since the water temperature is still low, especially in the late spring when the temperature of the sea water is 10~20°F lower than that of the inland, the sea wind often blows, and the temperature of the city drops rapidly 10~20°F near noon.

According to the 2000 population census, the city has a population of 589,141 (estimated at 596,638 in 2006), 239,528 households and 115,212 families. The population density is 4,697/km²(12,166/mi2). The number of households per area is 2,009/km²(5,203/mi2).

Of the 239,528 households, 22.7% of them live with children under 18 years of age, while 27.4% live with couples. 16.4% are single women, and 51.9% are non-family. At 37.1%, there are one or more single residents living there, and at 9.1%, they are over 65 years old and single. The average number of households is 2.31, and the number of married households is 3.17.

In this city, 19.8% of the population is under 18 years of age, 16.2% is over 18 years of age and 24 years of age, 35.8% is over 25 years of age and 44 years of age and age, 17.8% is over 45 years of age and 64 years of age, and 10.4% is over 65 years of age. The median age is 31 years old. For every 100 women, 92.8 men. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, 90.2 men are.

The average income for each household in the city is US$39,629, and the average income for each family is US$44,151. Men earn 37,435 US dollars, while women earn 32,421 US dollars. per capita income of the city is US$23,353. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of the family are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 25.6% who are under the age of 18 and 18.2% who are over the age of 65 live below the poverty line.

The population density of Boston is the fourth largest among the major cities in the United States (more than 250,000 cities) (excluding cities that consist only of urban areas of wide areas). In addition, the daytime population of Boston is about 1.2 million. The reason the population changes in this way is that the suburban population moves to the city for work, school, medical care, or special events.

According to an American Community survey in 2007, 58.4% of Boston's population is white (50.0% for non-Hispanics) and 25.3% are black (African american). 22.2% for non-Hispanics), 8.7% for Asian, 0.8% for Native American, 0.1% for Native American, 9.4% for Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands, and 2.6% for other mixed blood. 15.6% of the total population is Hispanic or Latino (separate from race). 28.6% were born in foreign countries, 48.2% were from Latin America, 25.7% from Asia, 14.2% from Europe, 9.8% from Africa and 2.0% from other regions. According to an estimate from 2009, the percentage of white people was 53.5% and that of Hispanics was 15.7%.

The largest single ethnic group in Boston, the Irish population, is 15.8% of the population, followed by 8.3% of the Italian. The West Indies also comprise a huge population of 6.4%, about half of which are Haitian. Vietnam has been inflowing into Dorchester and other areas in recent decades. In areas like Jamaica Plain and Roslindal, there is an increase in the Dominican population.

Boston is one of the cities with the largest percentage of LGBT. The percentage of people who think they are gay, lesbian, or bisexual is 12.3%, the fifth place among major American cities (the highest ranking is San Francisco, Boston, Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis are 2-4).

Boston Police Headquarters

In Boston, the number of atrocious crimes has drastically decreased since the early 1990s. It is thought that the low incidence of crime between the end of the 20th century and the early 21st century is due to the efforts of the Federal and District Public Prosecutors Office, as well as the cooperation between groups of residents and parishes of Boston City Police to prevent boys from joining the gang. This leads to the admiration of "The Miracle of Boston." The number of murders (murder) in the city decreased from 152 in 1990 (26.5 per 100,000 people) to only 31 (5.26 per 100,000 people) in 1999.

However, in recent years, the number of murders per year has changed drastically to ±50% from the previous year, and in 2002, there were 60 murders, in 2003, there were only 39 murders, in 2004, there were 64 murders and in 2005, there were 75 murders. While these numbers remain very low from the highest level in 1990, the large change in the number of murders has created a stir in many Boston citizens, and the Boston Police Department is now arguing that the way to fight crime should be reviewed.

On April 15, 2013, a bomb terrorist incident occurred in the Boston Marathon (the Boston Marathon Bomb Terror Incident).

a downtown financial district seen from Boston Harbor

The existence of Boston's College of Science and Technology has had a major impact on the economy of the city and surrounding areas. Not only does the university itself create huge jobs, but it also has the effect of attracting high-tech industries to cities and surrounding areas. Boston is a technology company, Vista Print and Wayfair (formerly CSN Stores), including EMC Corporation, Analog Devices, and Rapid7. E-commerce companies have their bases, such as the $16.5 billion increase from 2011 to the current company name. It is also a major hub for biotechnology companies such as Millennium Chemicals, Melk, Millipore, Genzyme and Biogen Idec. According to a 2003 report by the Boston Redevelopment Bureau, students who entered Boston's university contributed to the city's economy by $4.8 billion a year. The amount of research that Boston will receive from the National Institute of Health in a year is the highest in the United States.

Data source: City-Data.com

Financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance, are a major part of Boston's economy. Boston-based Fidelity Investments contributed to the spread of trust funds in the 1980s and helped Boston grow into one of the largest financial cities in the United States. Boston is also the center of venture capital, with its bases for large banks such as Bank of America, Sovereign Bank (currently Santander Bank), and Kidder Peabody (1986 General Electric and 1994 Painvaders). State Street, which specializes in asset management and brokerage services, has its head office in Boston. Tourism resources are products of financial activities. Tourists spent $7.9 billion in 2004, and Boston is one of the 10 popular tourist spots nationwide. Boston is also the center of the publishing and printing business. In addition to Houghton Mifflin, Bedford-St. Martin's Press, Beacon Press, Little Brown and Company, is headquartered in the city. The Pearson PLC publishing department also employs hundreds of people in Boston. There are four major convention centers in the city. It is the Hinds Convention Center in the Backbay area, the Bayside Expo Center in the Dorchester area, the World Trade Center in the Waterfront Area in South Boston, Boston Convention and Exhibition Center. As Boston is the capital of the state and also the regional hub of the federal government, the law and government sectors are also an important factor in the city's economy.

Among the large companies with their headquarters in the city are Liberty Mutual Insurance Company and Gillette (currently owned by Proctor and Gamble). Terradyne, the global maker of semiconductor and other electronic test products, was withdrawn in 2006. The New Balance Company has its headquarters in the city. There are also Boston Consulting Group, Monitor Group, Bain & Company, and Bain Capital, Private Equity Group of management consultants. There are also large enterprises outside the city, especially along Route 128. Route 128 serves as the hub of the high-tech industry in the region. In 2006, Boston and the Metropolitan Area were ranked as the 4th Cyber City in the United States with 191,700 high-tech industry workers. The New York metropolitan area, the Washington D.C. metropolitan area, and the Silicon Valley are the only high-tech sectors that have exceeded the above-mentioned level. Boston Harbor is the main port of the East Coast of the United States and is also the oldest industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Navy Arsenal is a legacy of the port.

airport

The Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston area, handles most regular passenger service in Boston. International routes between North and South America, Asia, and Europe are also on line.

Surrounding the city, there are three large airports for general aviation (general civil aviation other than transportation), Beverly City Airport in the north, Hanscomb Field in the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport in the south. T. F. Green Airport in Providence, Rhode Island, and Manchester Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire, both offer regular passenger service to the Boston area.

railroad

South Station (Boston-Minami Station). It is the largest railway station and bus terminal in the Metropolitan Area of Boston.

Nearly one-third of Boston citizens use public transportation for commuting. It runs the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Bureau (MTA), the first subway system in the United States, which is currently the fourth busiest subway in the United States, extending the entire length of the track to 105km, extending the north to Morden, the south to Braintree, and the west to Newton. This subway network is nicknamed "T". The Transportation Bureau also operates the busiest bus network in the U.S. (MTA Bus) as well as the water shuttle service and the busiest commuter rail in the U.S. (MTA Bus). The commuter rail will run over 321km long, Merrimack Valley in the north, Worcester in the west and Providence in the south.

The terminal station of Amtrak, which operates long-distance passenger trains, is divided into two sections, South Station (Boston-Minami Station) and North Station (Boston-Kita Station) depending on the route. The Northeast Corridor and the Chicago Line depart from Boston's South Station (Boston South Station) and stop at Backbay Station. The trains of the Northeast Corridor stop at New York, Washington, D.C., and several stations between them, and they also stop at Route 128, which is located on the south west coast of Boston. The Downeaster of Amtrak heading to Maine State is from North Station (Boston North Station).

road

The streets in the downtown area of Boston were not arranged like a grid, and since the beginning of the 17th century, they have grown in a winding fashion. This is because the roads were made as needed and the small Boston peninsula was gradually expanded by the land reclamation from the wharf and land. In addition to several rotary intersections, the names of the streets change at first glance, and the lanes increase or decrease along the way. On the other hand, the Backbay, East Boston, South End, and South Boston areas have lattice-shaped city designs.

Many of the roads in Boston are based on the Bashamichi since the 17th century. We can see a carriage even today.

Boston is the east end of Interstate 90 (I-90). Track 90 runs alongside the Massachusetts Turnpike highway in Massachusetts. Interstate Highway 95 (I-95), which runs around the city, is called Massachusetts 128 (Route 128) in the area according to the traditional provincial numbering. U.S. Route 1, I-93, and Massachusetts Route 3 form the central highway that runs north-south through the city from Charlestown to Dorchester. In the past, the elevated section of the Chuo Main Line ran downtown and traffic jams never stopped, but most of the work called the Big Dig was completed in early 2006 and was replaced with an underground tunnel.

In Boston, there is a nickname "Walking City," and compared to other streets of the same size, commuting on foot and commuting plays a major role. Because it is a compact city and has a large population of students, 13% of the population commute on foot and goes to school, which is the largest of the major American cities. In the March 2006 issue of "Bicycling", Boston is regarded as one of the best cities for bicycles, but the ratio of bike commuting to and from school is still the highest. In September 2007, a plan called "Boston Bikes" was launched by the mayor to make it a bicycle-friendly city.

Catholicism is now the largest religious community in Boston.

The cultural tradition of Boston is in common with the whole of New England around it in many ways. It is also called Boston English, which is an East New England accent that doesn't pronounce /r/ before the end of syllables or consonants, and a local dish that focuses on seafood, salt and dairy products. The political and religious culture of Boston has a great influence on Irish Americans. The soil has been cultivated by the Kennedy family, Tip O'Neill, John F. Fitzgerald, and others since the beginning of the twentieth century. Boston's cultural landscape is highly appreciated and one of the reasons for this is academic fame. The culture of Boston is large in the area of university.

There is also a new word called "Boston Slang" in Boston. Slang is a rather open expression because Boston City is so large today. The underground subculture was a spirit of criticism that was censored in the era when business was corrupt there and buried together with obscenity descriptions, and the challenge was ridiculed for being 'prohibited in Boston.'

art

A symphony hall in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Orchestra are playing.

There are several magnificent theaters in the city, including the Cutler Majestic Theater, the Boston Opera House, the City Theater Art Center and the Aufim Theater. Famous art organizations include the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Ballet, the Boston Pop Orchestra, the Celebrity Series of Boston, the Early Boston Music Festival, the Boston Lillik Opera Company, the Opera Boston, the Emmanuel Music, and the Hender and Haydn Society (one of the oldest chorus groups in the United States). There are many big annual events, such as "First Night" on New Year's Eve, the Boston Art Festival held at Christopher Columbus Rinkai Park, and the Summer Festival in Italy, which is held at North End to honor Catholic saints. During the period around Independence Day, several events are held, including the six-day Harbor Festa and the Boston Pop Orchestra concert, which is held with fireworks on both sides of the Charles River.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

There are some famous museums in Boston. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner, etc. In December 2006, the Contemporary Art Association moved from the Backbay area to a building in the Port area designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro. The campus of Massachusetts University at Columbia Point is the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Library (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), the Boston Children's Museum, the Bull and Finch Pub (the building is known for the TV drama "Cheers"), the Museum of Science, Boston, and the New England Aquarium are located in the city.

Boston is one of the birthplace of hard core punk music. For many years, Boston musicians have made a major contribution to the music scene of the genre. The city of Boston was a developed area of local third wave Ska and Ska Punk in the 1990s. The musical scenes were led by the band The Mighty Stones and the Austronians. In the 1980s, This Is Boston, Not L.A., a collection of hardcore punk rock albums, spotlights the band who became the leading actor in the genre. Nightclubs like Bunnratty's and The Rathskeller in the Channel and Olston areas were known to be played by both the local punk rock band and a band from a far town. All these nightclubs are now closed. Many have been destroyed in recent gentry.

sightseeing

Faniel Hall. He played a big role in the American Revolution and is sometimes called 'the cradle of freedom.' It is one of the most famous spots in the walking course called Freedom Trail.

Since Boston played a major role in the American Revolution, a part of the historical site at that time is preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many of them can be seen by walking along the "Freedom Trail" route. The Freedom Trail, a walking course of about four kilometers with a red line on the ground, starts in Boston Common and goes through 16 official spots, including the State Capitol, the Park Street Church, the Old South Assembly Hall, the former State Capitol, the site of the Boston Massacre, the Old North Church, and the Bunker Hill Memorial Tower in Charlestown. The Quincy Market near the Faniel Hall is a place where shopping, meals and various events are enjoyed, attracting tourists and citizens, and more than 18 million people visit there annually.

Boston English

The English word "Boston Accent" is often parodied in the United States as the way Kennedy and Harvard graduates speak. Do not pronounce /r/ before the end of a syllable or consonant. Also, the word "bath" sounds like "baath" because it uses the opena sound, //. Boston English has many unique vocabulary including "wicked" (meaning "very") and "frappe" (milk shake made with ice cream). Since many settlers in the early Boston period were from East Anglia and Linkanshire in England, the speech of the 17th century in the region without the pronunciation of /r/ is the origin of the present Boston accent.

food culture

Boston's dishes, like other New England dishes, focus on seafood and dairy products. New England clam chowder, fish and chips (usually using cod), baked beans, lobster, asari-mushi (steamed fish) and deep-fried clams are famous.

There are many restaurants in Boston, including various ethnic restaurants. In Boston from the 1980s, under the leadership of the nationally famous chef, Jasper White, Min Tsai, and Todd English, a rapid change in diet has taken place. Their respective restaurants (Summer Shack, Blue Ginger and Olives) greatly improved the status of Boston's food. Julia Child, a TV personality for public broadcasting services, who had spent many years in Cambridge, was also active.

The Union Oyster House has been the oldest restaurant in the United States since 1826. Half-open oysters, New England clam chowders and other seafood are served directly from the counter. A part of the Faniel Hall market is the Quincy Market with its various restaurants and food stores. The nearby bar "Cheers" is a popular restaurant for tourists.

There are many Asian restaurants, bakeries and shops in Chinatown. In addition to Tenshin-ryori restaurants, there are Japanese, Korean and Thai restaurants nearby.

In the North End area there are various Italian restaurants, pizza shops and bakeries. Newbury Street has a street cafe that deals with many ethnic foods. On the other hand, there are many restaurants at Copry Place, including a food court at the Prudential Center. It is also the home of legal seafood (the organization that provides seafood in New England).

Copry Square. On the left is the Boston Public Library, designed by Charles Folen McKim, and on the right is the Old South Church, designed by Charles Amos Cummings.

The Boston Globe (owned by The New York Times) and the Boston Herald are two major daily newspapers in Boston. The third daily paper, Christian Science Monitor, was edited in Boston and printed at various printing presses in the United States. Other publications include Boston Phoenix, Boston Magazine, The Impra Boston, Boston Weekly Dig and Metro magazines, which are also available in Boston. Boston Globe also publishes a magazine for teenagers to public high schools in the city. Teen Print (T.i.P.), written by teenagers in the city, has been published four times a year.

Boston's Broadcaster is New England's largest, with Boston's Broadcasters among the 11th largest in the United States. Major AM stations include WRKO (680 kHz) for talk radio stations, WEEI (850 kHz) for sports and talk stations and WBZ (1030 kHz) for news stations. Various FM stations are also broadcasting, including the National Public Radio (NPR) station, WBUR and WGBH. The radio stations operated by the university include WERS (Emerson University), WHRB (Harvard University), WUMB (Boston University), WMBR (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandyis University), WTBU (Boston University, but only on campus and on the web), WRBB (University of North Eastern University), and WMLN (Caley College).

Boston's TV network, including Manchester, New Hampshire, ranks as the 7th largest in the United States. All major TV network stations, including WBZ (CBS series), WCVB (ABC series), WHDH (independent station), WFXT (FOX series), WUNI (UNIVISION series), WLVI (CW TV network), and WBTS-LD (NBC series), broadcast all major TV network stations. In addition, WGBH, a PBS network station, is in Boston and produces a number of PBS programs. The PBS also operates WGBX as a sister station. Most Boston TV stations have transmitters near Needham and Newton.

Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park

The Boston Red Sox has been a member of the Major League Baseball League (MLB) since its inauguration in 1901, and is the 2007 World Series champion. The home game is played at Fenway Park near Kenmore Square, Fenway District. The stadium was built in 1912 and has the most history of the sports arena and stadiums currently used in the United States through the Four Major Professional Sports Leagues in North America.

Boston is also where the first game of the Modern World Series was held in 1903. At this time, the Red Sox, the A. League champion, and the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Na League champion, played against them. There is a theory that Red Sox was called 'Boston Pilgrims' in 1903, but this theory does not seem to have any basis. The first professional baseball team in Boston was the Red Stockings and was a founding member of the National League in 1871. The team changed its name to the Bean Eaters from 1883 to play until 1911, and changed its name to Boston Braves from 1912, but it moved to Milwaukee after the season ended in 1952. In 1966, he moved to Atlanta, where he is now playing as Atlanta Braves.

2004 Boston Celtics TD Garden match

TD Garden (formerly TD Bank North Garden, Fleet Center, and Showmat Center) adjacent to Boston North Station is home to three major league teams. It is the Boston Blazers of the National Lacrosse League, the Boston Bruins of the Ice Hockey (NHL), and the Boston Celtics, the 2008 NBA-winning team. The stadium has 18,624 basketball and 17,565 ice hockey venues. Bruins is the first American member of the NHL and the franchise of the original six. Celtics is the founding member of the Basketball Association of America (later integrated with another league to become the NBA). Celtics has won 17 titles from 1957 to 2008, and is ahead of other NBA teams in terms of titles.

The New England Patriots of American football has played since 1971 in the suburbs of Foxboro, but it was originally a team formed in 1960 as the Boston Patriots. He was the founding member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1970. She won three titles at the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003 and 2004. The Patriots, along with the Major League Soccer New England Revolution, use Gillette Stadium.

Each team has such a long history, but since Celtics won the NBA championship in 1986, Boston has been away from the title of the Four Major Sports Leagues in North America for a long time. However, in the 2001 season, when the Petriots won their first Super Bowl title in the history of their team, the Red Sox won the World Series in 2004 for the first time in 85 years, and in 2008, the Celtics won the NBA Final for the first time in 21 seasons. In 2011, the Blue Inns won the Stanley Cup for the first time in 39 years since 1972. This became Boston's 7th North American Four Major Professional Sports League title in 10 years since the 21st century. As a result, all the teams of the four major North American Professional Sports Leagues, which have franchise in Boston, won each league in just eight years, which was the first feat in American history ever achieved in any city. As you can see, Boston has achieved outstanding results in the four major professional sports leagues in North America since the 21st century.

Boston Marathon (2005)

Many colleges and universities in Boston are active in college sports. There are four schools in the city that belong to Division I of the National University Physical Education Association (NCAA). Boston College (joining the Atlantic Coast Conference), Boston University (joining the American East Conference), Northwestern University (joining the Colonial Athletic Association), and Harvard University (joining the Ivy League). The three other schools, except Harvard, which is a member of the ECAC Hockey League, belong to the Hockey East Conference. The hockey teams of these four universities meet each year in a tournament called the "Bean Pot Tournament". The game will be held at the TD Garden on Monday night two nights in February.

One of the most famous sporting events in Boston is the Boston Marathon, which runs 42.195km from Hopkinton to Copley Square in the Backbay area. The marathon has the most history in the world and has many participants. The race is held on Patriotic Day in April, and always starts at 11:05 a.m. (2007 at 10:05 a.m.) along with the Red Sox home game. This is the only Major League Baseball game that starts at noon throughout the year. Another big event in the city is the Head of Charles Regatta, a regatta race on the Charles River.

Massachusetts State Capitol (designed by Charles Brfinch)

Boston has a strong-mayer system that gives the mayor a broad administration. The mayor is elected by a majority vote, with a four-year term. The City Council is reelected every two years. There are nine seats in each constituency, each of which is elected by a large vote from the residents of the constituency, and four seats are elected from the entire constituency. Voters can cast up to four votes for all elected councilors, but up to one for each candidate. Four people from the highest number of votes are elected. The chairman of the council is elected from among the councilors. The members of the Boston Public School Committee are appointed mayor. The Boston Redevelopment Bureau and the District Committee (seven panel members appointed by the mayor) share responsibility for the land use plan.

Apart from the city's government, numerous committees and government agencies (Massachusetts Environmental Protection and Recreation Agency, Boston Public Health Committee, and Massachusetts Harbor Office) are involved in the lives of Boston citizens. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays an important role in state politics. The city also has several related facilities of the U.S. Federal Government, including the Federal Office Building of John F. Kennedy and the Federal Building of Thomas P. O'Neill. The United States also has the First Round District Court of Appeal and the Federal Massachusetts District Court. The headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (the first district of the Federal Reserve Bank) is also available. It is part of the Commonwealth House's eighth and ninth Massachusetts constituencies.

education

college distribution in central Boston
Tufts University Harvard University MIT Boston University Boston College Brandeis University ←Hart ←Suffolk University ← Northwestern University Callie College Bentley University Harvard Botanical Garden Bunker Hill Community College University of Massachusetts Boston

Boston has gained a reputation as the "Athens of the United States," but this is largely due to education and research activities at over 100 colleges and universities located in the Metropolitan Boston area. In Boston and Cambridge alone, more than 250,000 students go to university. In Boston City, Boston University has the fourth largest number of jobs in the city and has a large position. The campus is in the Commonwealth Avenue along the Charles River and the Medical Department in the South End. Another big private university, Northwestern University, is in the Fenway district, with business and health science schools and cooperative education programs in particular famous. Wheelock College, Massachusetts University of Art and Design, Simmons College, Emmanuel College, Massachusetts University of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences and Wentworth University of Technology are the founding members of Fenway Colleges and are adjacent to Northwestern University. Suffolk University, a small private university, is known for low school and has a campus at Beacon Hill. The New England Law School is a small private law school in the Theater District, originally the only American girls' law school. Emerson University, a small private college of liberal arts, has gained a high reputation for performing arts, journalism, writing and movies. It's near the Boston Common. Boston College, originally located in South Boston, moved to a new location across the border between Boston (Brighton) and Newton. Boston College has been expanding into the Brighton district since it bought neighboring land from the Catholic Diocese of Boston.

Boston College

Boston has several schools of music and art, including Boston School of Fine Arts, Massachusetts University of Art, New England School of Art and Design (a part of Suffolk University), New England School of Music (the oldest independent music school in the United States), Boston School of Music, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and Berkeley College of Music. A public university in Boston is one of the University of Massachusetts Boston at Columbia Point, Dorchester, and other community colleges are Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College.

Harvard Yard of Cambridge. The center of Harvard University, the oldest higher education institution in the United States. It is across the Charles River from the Boston Alston district.

There are many facilities at several universities outside the city of Boston. Harvard is the most historic and most famous higher education institution in the United States, in Cambridge from Boston across the Charles River. The university's business and medical schools are in Boston City, and there are plans to expand to the Boston Alston area. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was originally born in Boston and had long been called Boston Tech, but moved to Cambridge crossing the river in 1916. Tufts University runs a medical dental school next to Tufts Medical Center. The Medical Center is a 451-bed academic institution that has two hospitals, a full-service adult hospital and a pediatric hospital. Quincy's University of East Nazareth is the only Christian evangelical university in the Boston metropolitan area that serves homeless people in Boston. The world's first consulting farm Arthur D. By Little, "Arthur D. Little School of Management" as Arthur D. The MBA program of the Hart International Business School, a graduate school established in Boston, the birthplace of Little, is ranked top in the US First Year MBA Course by Economist Intelligence, which ranks educational institutions in the United States.

Boston's public school system is the most historic public school system in the United States and 57,000 children and students enter the school from kindergarten through to the 12th grade. A public school consists of 145 schools. The Boston Latin School, which was founded in 1635, is the oldest public school in the United States, and is a difficult school, comparable to the Boston Latin Academy, with students enrolled in the seventh and ninth grades only, and students enrolled in the seventh and twelfth grades. The English High School is the oldest high school established in 1821, and the Mazer School is the oldest elementary school established in 1639. There are private schools, school districts, and charter schools. 3,000 ethnic minority children and students go to a school in the suburbs with the METCO project. According to a ranking in the 2002 Forbes magazine, Boston's public schools have a 82% graduation rate, making it the best city school system in the United States. In 2005, 45.5% of the students and children who were incorporated into the public school system were black (African americans), 31.2% were Hispanic or Latin American, 14% were white, 9% were Asian (The ratio of the population of the whole city was 24%, 14% Hispanics, 49% White and 8% Asian). The Boston Youth Fund has a summer employment placement program for high school age students.

The Boston Society of Japanese Researchers, which is organized by Japanese researchers, is active.

medical care

Longwood Medical and Academic Area is a district of Boston where medical and research institutes are gathering. There are Beth Isrial Decones Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Research Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Public Health School, Harvard Dental School, and so on, and there are Massachusetts Ophthalmology and Otological Medical Hospital and Sporting Rehabilitation Hospital, which are located near Beacon Hill. In Boston's Jamaica Plain, West Rocksbury, there is a medical center for the U.S. Department of War of the U.S.

Boston Medical Center

Many large medical institutions in Boston work with universities. The medical institutions in Longwood Medical and Academic District and the Massachusetts General Hospital are famous research and medical centers that are affiliated with the Harvard Medical School. The Tufts Medical Center (formerly the Tufts New England Medical Center) in the southern part of the Chinatown district has a partnership with the Tufts University medical school. The Boston Medical Center in the South End Area is a major educational facility at Boston University's medical school and the largest trauma center in the Boston region. The center was born from the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital (the first municipal hospital in the United States).

life service

The Boston Water and Sewage Commission provides water and sewage services. The commission bought water and sewage treatment services from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA). The city's water supply comes from the Quabin Reservoir (105km west of the city) and the Wachset Reservoir (56km west of the city). The deregulation of electricity will allow consumers to choose their own power companies, but NSTAR monopolizes power transmission. Natural gas is supplied by National Grid Inc. (which was the successor of Boston Gas Inc. prior to the acquisition), and only commercial and industrial customers can select other natural gas companies.

Telephone services are mainly provided by Verizon (New England Telephone, NYNEX, Bell Atlantic and Bell System). Services from various mobile phone companies can also be used. Cable TVs can be accessed by Comcast and RCN, and both companies also offer broadband Internet access in certain areas. Various digital subscriber line (DSL) companies can also provide broadband connections using telephone lines of the Verizon.

a memorial plate near the birth of Po

• Andrew Preston
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Benjamin Franklin
• John F. Kennedy (to be precise, from Brookline in the suburbs)
• John Francis Kelly
• Aerosmith
  • Stephen Tyler
  • Joe Perry
  • Tom Hamilton
  • Brad Whitford
  • Joey Kramer
• James Taylor
• Tasha Tuder
• Converge
• Chuck Wilson
• Matt Damon
• Mora Tierney
• Constantine Cavarnos
• David Wu
• Isabel Atkin
• Robin Shoko OKADA (Chao Bella Qingkueti)
• Chris Evans

Boston's sister cities are as follows:

city	country	year of conclusion	Source
Kyoto City	Japan	1959
strasbourg	France	1960
Barcelona	Spain	1980
Hangzhou	People's Republic of China	1982
Padua	Italy	1983
Melbourne	Australia	1985
Taipei	Taiwan	1996
Secondi Takoradi	Ghana	2001

They also have a more relaxed friendship and partnership with the following three cities:

city	country	year of conclusion	Source
Boston, Linkanshire	United Kingdom	1999
Haifa	Israel	1999
Valladolid	Spain	2007

• David Grayson Allen, Investment Management in Boston: A History, University of Massachusetts Press, 2015.
• Winsor, Justin (1881). Memorial History of Boston, Vol.1 Vol.2 Vol.3. Vol.4.. James R. Osgood Publisher. 
• Snow, Caleb H. (1828). History of Boston. Abel Bowen 
• Boston (1909). Records Relating to the Early History of Boston - Selectmen Minutes 1818-1822.. City of Boston 
• Downst, Henry P. (1916). "Random Notes of Boston". Humphrey Publishing 
• Gershkoff, Ira; Trachtman, Richard (2004). The Boston Driver's Handbook. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81326-2 
• Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (1999). Boston. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides. ISBN 0-679-00284-7 
• Jones, Howard Mumford; Jones, Bessie Zaban (1975). The Many Voices of Boston: A Historical Anthology 1630-1975. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-47282-4 
• Rambow, John D. et. al (2003). Fodor's Boston. New York: Fodors Travel Publication. ISBN 1-4000-1028-4 
• Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). Gaining ground : a history of landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 
• Vanderwarker, Peter (1982). Boston Then and Now. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24312-5 

official

• Boston City Official Website (English)

Japanese government

• The Japanese Consulate General in Boston (English)

sightseeing

• Boston Tourist Office (English)
• Massachusetts Tourism Bureau - Boston (Japanese) (French) (German) (Dutch) (Spanish)